Grade 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing grade, second in importance
to 304 amongst the austenitic stainless steels. The molybdenum gives 316 better
overall corrosion resistant properties than Grade 304, particularly higher
resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. It has
excellent forming and welding characteristics. It is readily brake or roll formed
into a variety of parts for applications in the industrial, architectural, and
transportation fields. Grade 316 also has outstanding welding characteristics.
Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections.
Grade 316L, the low carbon
version of 316 and is immune from sensitisation (grain boundary carbide
precipitation). Thus it is extensively used in heavy gauge welded components (over
about 6mm). Grade 316H, with its higher carbon content has application at elevated
temperatures, as does stabilised grade 316Ti.
The austenitic structure also gives these grades excellent toughness, even down to
cryogenic temperatures.
Key Properties
These properties are specified for flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) in ASTM
A240/A240M. Similar but not necessarily identical properties are specified for other
products such as pipe and bar in their respective specifications.
Corrosion Resistance
Excellent in a range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media - generally
more resistant than 304. Subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride
environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60 °C. Considered resistant
to potable water with up to about 1000 mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing
to about 500 mg/L at 60 °C.
316 is usually regarded as the standard “marine grade stainless steel”, but it is not
resistant to warm sea water. In many marine environments 316 does exhibit surface
corrosion, usually visible as brown staining. This is particularly associated with
crevices and rough surface finish.
Heat Resistance
Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870 °C and in continuous service to
925 °C. Continuous use of 316 in the 425-860 °C range is not recommended if subsequent
aqueous corrosion resistance is important. Grade
316L is more resistant to
carbide precipitation and can be used in the above temperature range. Grade 316H has
higher strength at elevated temperatures and is sometimes used for structural and
pressure-containing applications at temperatures above about 500 °C.
Heat Treatment
Solution Treatment (Annealing) - Heat to 1010-1120 °C and cool rapidly. These grades
cannot be hardened by thermal treatment.
Welding
Excellent weldability by all standard fusion methods, both with and without filler
metals. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding of 316 with Grade 316 and
316L with Grade
316L rods or electrodes (or
their high silicon equivalents). Heavy welded sections in Grade 316 require post-weld
annealing for maximum corrosion resistance. This is not required for
316L. Grade 316Ti may also be
used as an alternative to 316 for heavy section welding.
Machining
A “Ugima” improved machinability version of grade 316 is available in round and hollow
bar products. This machines significantly better than standard 316 or 316L, giving
higher machining rates and lower tool wear in many operations.
Dual Certification
It is common for 316 and
316L
to be stocked in "Dual Certified" form - mainly in plate and pipe. These items have
chemical and mechanical properties complying with both 316 and
316L specifications. Such dual
certified product does not meet 316H specification and may be unacceptable for high
temperature applications.
Applications
Typical applications include:
Food preparation equipment particularly in chloride environments.
Laboratory benches & equipment.
Coastal architectural panelling, railings & trim.
Boat fittings.
Chemical containers, including for transport.
Heat Exchangers.
Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration.
Threaded fasteners.
Springs.
More Products
317 Stainless Steel
Grade 317 stainless steel is a modified version of 316 stainless steel. It has high strength and corrosion resistance.
317L Stainless Steel
Alloy 317L is a molybdenum containing, low carbon austenitic stainless steel with increased additions of....
321 Stainless Steel
Grades 321 are the basic austenitic 18/8 steel (Grade 304) stabilised by Titanium (321) or Niobium (347) additions.